Le travailleur social et l'innovation : une recension systématique des écrits

Le changement et le changement social sont omniprésents dans nos sociétés modernes. Les organisations et leurs acteurs n'y échappent pas. Dans le cadre de ce présent mémoire, nous nous sommes intéressée au changement en travail social, soit une composante centrale de la profession. Mais, puisque le changement est un concept très large, nous l'avons abordé sous l'angle particulier de l'innovation. Depuis quelques décennies, l'innovation est un concept à la mode et exploré selon plusieurs perspectives dans les écrits scientifiques dédiés au travail social. Notre cadre théorique nous a permis d'explorer les écrits à travers quatre perspectives différentes de l'innovation soit, la perspective d'attributs, la perspective de la diffusion, la perspective de la traduction et la perspective sociale. En contexte d'innovation, le travailleur social adopte différentes postures, mais il existe deux principales postures générales face au changement, soit philique ou phobique. Mais, quelle que soit la posture choisie par le travailleur social face à l'innovation, ce professionnel porte la valeur du changement social. Nous nous sommes, par ailleurs, intéressés à identifier des différences conceptuelles entre l'innovation et le changement social à travers les écrits scientifiques du travail social dans le cadre d'une recension systématique des écrits. La recension systématique des écrits porte sur un corpus composé de 77 textes qui a fait l'objet d'une analyse de contenu. Cette analyse permet ces constats : 1) les auteurs abordent l'innovation majoritairement sous une perspective sociale, 2) le travailleur social adopte une posture à la fois philique et phobique, en fait souvent intermédiaire en contexte d'innovation. Il est à la fois «sujet de changement» et «objet de changement», mais plus souvent qu'autrement, les auteurs le présentent comme étant un «traducteur» ou un intermédiaire du changement. Il devient alors une référence significative au sein des organisations pour traduire les besoins réels et spécifiques des clientèles et faciliter ainsi l'implantation et l'adaptation de l'innovation, 3) les écrits du travail social conceptualisent l'innovation et le changement social avec une intention commune, celle de convaincre le travailleur social de s'engager dans les projets innovateurs favorisant les initiatives sociales. Cette mobilisation permet l'incarnation des valeurs profondes du travailleur social et favorise la mise à jour de la discipline en fonction des changements sociaux

The Diverse Nature of Optical Emission Lines in Brightest Cluster Galaxies: IFU Observations of the Central Kiloparsecs

We present integral field spectroscopy of the nebular line emission in a sample of 9 brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). The sample was chosen to probe both cooling flow and non-cooling flow clusters, as well as a range of cluster X-ray luminosities. The line emission morphology and velocity gradients suggest a great diversity in the properties of the line emitting gas. While some BGCs show evidence for filamentary or patchy emission (Abell 1060, Abell 1668 and MKW3s), others have extended emission (Abell 1204, Abell 2199), while still others have centrally concentrated emission (Abell 2052). We examine diagnostic line ratios to determine the dominant ionization mechanisms in each galaxy. Most of the galaxies show regions with AGN-like spectra, however for two BCGs, Abell 1060 and Abell 1204, the emission line diagnostics suggest regions which can be described by the emission from young stellar populations. The diversity of emission line properties in our sample of BCGs suggests that the emission mechanism is not universal, with different ionization processes dominating different systems. Given this diversity, there is no evidence for a clear distinction of the emission line properties between cooling flow and non-cooling flow BCGs. It is not always cooling flow BCGs which show emission (or young stellar populations), and non-cooling flow BCGs which do not.Comment: 23 pages, 23 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS. Full resolution images are online http://web.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/louis

3-D ionization structure (in stereoscopic view) of Planetary Nebulae: the case of NGC 1501

Long-slit echellograms of the high excitation planetary nebula NGC1501, reduced according to the methodology developed by Sabbadin et al. (2000a, b), allowed us to obtain the ``true'' distribution of the ionized gas in the eight nebular slices covered by the spectroscopic slit. A 3-D rendering procedure is described and applied, which assembles the tomographic maps and rebuilds the spatial structure. The images of NGC 1501, as seen in 12 directions separated by 15 deg, form a series of stereoscopic pairs giving surprising 3-D views in as many directions. The main nebula consists of an almost oblate ellipsoid of moderate ellipticity (a=44 arcsec, a/b=1.02, a/c=1.11), brighter in the equatorial belt, deformed by several bumps, and embedded in a quite homogeneous, inwards extended cocoon. Some reliability tests are applied to the rebuilt nebula; the radial matter profile, the small scale density fluctuations and the 2-D (morphology) - 3-D (structure) correlation are presented and analysed. The wide applications of the 3-D reconstruction to the morphology, physical conditions, ionization parameters and evolutionary status of expanding nebulae in general (planetary nebulae, nova and supernova remnants, shells around Population I Wolf-Rayet stars, nebulae ejected by symbiotic stars, bubbles surrounding early spectral type main sequence stars etc.) are introduced.Comment: 12 pages + 11 (gif) figures. Accepted for publication in A&A. A postscript file with figs. can be retrieved at http://panoramix.pd.astro.it/~sabbadi

Hospital Mental Health Admissions in Women after Unsuccessful Infertility Treatment and In Vitro Fertilization: An Australian Population-Based Cohort Study

Objective - To examine the association between in vitro fertilization (IVF) and later admission to hospital with a mental health diagnosis in women who remained childless after infertility treatment. Methods - This was a population-based cohort study using linked administrative hospital and registry data. The study population included all women commencing hospital treatment for infertility in Western Australia between the years 1982 and 2002 aged 20–44 years at treatment commencement who did not have a recorded birth by the end of follow-up (15 August 2010) and did not have a hospital mental health admission prior to the first infertility admission (n=6,567). Of these, 2,623 women had IVF and 3,944 did not. We used multivariate Cox regression modeling of mental health admissions and compared women undergoing IVF treatment with women having infertility treatment but not IVF. Results - Over an average of 17 years of follow-up, 411 women in the cohort were admitted to hospital with a mental health diagnosis; 93 who had IVF and 318 who did not. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for a hospital mental health admission comparing women who had IVF with those receiving other infertility treatment was 0.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40–0.63). After adjustment for age, calendar year and socio-economic status the HR was 0.56 (95% CI 0.44–0.71). Conclusions - IVF treatment is associated with a reduced risk of hospital mental health admissions in women after unsuccessful infertility treatment. This may be explained by the healthy cohort effect

The seeds of divergence: the economy of French North America, 1688 to 1760

Generally, Canada has been ignored in the literature on the colonial origins of divergence with most of the attention going to the United States. Late nineteenth century estimates of income per capita show that Canada was relatively poorer than the United States and that within Canada, the French and Catholic population of Quebec was considerably poorer. Was this gap long standing? Some evidence has been advanced for earlier periods, but it is quite limited and not well-suited for comparison with other societies. This thesis aims to contribute both to Canadian economic history and to comparative work on inequality across nations during the early modern period. With the use of novel prices and wages from Quebec—which was then the largest settlement in Canada and under French rule—a price index, a series of real wages and a measurement of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are constructed. They are used to shed light both on the course of economic development until the French were defeated by the British in 1760 and on standards of living in that colony relative to the mother country, France, as well as the American colonies. The work is divided into three components. The first component relates to the construction of a price index. The absence of such an index has been a thorn in the side of Canadian historians as it has limited the ability of historians to obtain real values of wages, output and living standards. This index shows that prices did not follow any trend and remained at a stable level. However, there were episodes of wide swings—mostly due to wars and the monetary experiment of playing card money. The creation of this index lays the foundation of the next component. The second component constructs a standardized real wage series in the form of welfare ratios (a consumption basket divided by nominal wage rate multiplied by length of work year) to compare Canada with France, England and Colonial America. Two measures are derived. The first relies on a “bare bones” definition of consumption with a large share of land-intensive goods. This measure indicates that Canada was poorer than England and Colonial America and not appreciably richer than France. However, this measure overestimates the relative position of Canada to the Old World because of the strong presence of land-intensive goods. A second measure is created using a “respectable” definition of consumption in which the basket includes a larger share of manufactured goods and capital-intensive goods. This second basket better reflects differences in living standards since the abundance of land in Canada (and Colonial America) made it easy to achieve bare subsistence, but the scarcity of capital and skilled labor made the consumption of luxuries and manufactured goods (clothing, lighting, imported goods) highly expensive. With this measure, the advantage of New France over France evaporates and turns slightly negative. In comparison with Britain and Colonial America, the gap widens appreciably. This element is the most important for future research. By showing a reversal because of a shift to a different type of basket, it shows that Old World and New World comparisons are very sensitive to how we measure the cost of living. Furthermore, there are no sustained improvements in living standards over the period regardless of the measure used. Gaps in living standards observed later in the nineteenth century existed as far back as the seventeenth century. In a wider American perspective that includes the Spanish colonies, Canada fares better. The third component computes a new series for Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is to avoid problems associated with using real wages in the form of welfare ratios which assume a constant labor supply. This assumption is hard to defend in the case of Colonial Canada as there were many signs of increasing industriousness during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The GDP series suggest no long-run trend in living standards (from 1688 to circa 1765). The long peace era of 1713 to 1740 was marked by modest economic growth which offset a steady decline that had started in 1688, but by 1760 (as a result of constant warfare) living standards had sunk below their 1688 levels. These developments are accompanied by observations that suggest that other indicators of living standard declined. The flat-lining of incomes is accompanied by substantial increases in the amount of time worked, rising mortality and rising infant mortality. In addition, comparisons of incomes with the American colonies confirm the results obtained with wages— Canada was considerably poorer. At the end, a long conclusion is provides an exploratory discussion of why Canada would have diverged early on. In structural terms, it is argued that the French colony was plagued by the problem of a small population which prohibited the existence of scale effects. In combination with the fact that it was dispersed throughout the territory, the small population of New France limited the scope for specialization and economies of scale. However, this problem was in part created, and in part aggravated, by institutional factors like seigneurial tenure. The colonial origins of French America’s divergence from the rest of North America are thus partly institutional

Le travailleur social et l'innovation : une recension systématique des écrits

Le changement et le changement social sont omniprésents dans nos sociétés modernes. Les organisations et leurs acteurs n'y échappent pas. Dans le cadre de ce présent mémoire, nous nous sommes intéressée au changement en travail social, soit une composante centrale de la profession. Mais, puisque le changement est un concept très large, nous l'avons abordé sous l'angle particulier de l'innovation. Depuis quelques décennies, l'innovation est un concept à la mode et exploré selon plusieurs perspectives dans les écrits scientifiques dédiés au travail social. Notre cadre théorique nous a permis d'explorer les écrits à travers quatre perspectives différentes de l'innovation soit, la perspective d'attributs, la perspective de la diffusion, la perspective de la traduction et la perspective sociale. En contexte d'innovation, le travailleur social adopte différentes postures, mais il existe deux principales postures générales face au changement, soit philique ou phobique. Mais, quelle que soit la posture choisie par le travailleur social face à l'innovation, ce professionnel porte la valeur du changement social. Nous nous sommes, par ailleurs, intéressés à identifier des différences conceptuelles entre l'innovation et le changement social à travers les écrits scientifiques du travail social dans le cadre d'une recension systématique des écrits. La recension systématique des écrits porte sur un corpus composé de 77 textes qui a fait l'objet d'une analyse de contenu. Cette analyse permet ces constats : 1) les auteurs abordent l'innovation majoritairement sous une perspective sociale, 2) le travailleur social adopte une posture à la fois philique et phobique, en fait souvent intermédiaire en contexte d'innovation. Il est à la fois «sujet de changement» et «objet de changement», mais plus souvent qu'autrement, les auteurs le présentent comme étant un «traducteur» ou un intermédiaire du changement. Il devient alors une référence significative au sein des organisations pour traduire les besoins réels et spécifiques des clientèles et faciliter ainsi l'implantation et l'adaptation de l'innovation, 3) les écrits du travail social conceptualisent l'innovation et le changement social avec une intention commune, celle de convaincre le travailleur social de s'engager dans les projets innovateurs favorisant les initiatives sociales. Cette mobilisation permet l'incarnation des valeurs profondes du travailleur social et favorise la mise à jour de la discipline en fonction des changements sociaux

Principes d’évaluation de la pharmacothérapie en gériatrie : illustration à l’aide d’un cas de patient

Résumé Objectifs : Proposer un processus d’évaluation de la pharmacothérapie, sous forme de questions, fondé sur des principes gériatriques et illustrer la démarche à l’aide d’un cas de patient. Sources des données : Une revue de la littérature médicale de 1996 à 2008 a été effectuée par la consultation de MEDLINE à l’aide des mots clés suivants : personne âgée, pharmacothérapie, pharmacocinétique, polymédication, prescription des médicaments, utilisation des médicaments, événements indésirables, erreurs médicamenteuses, automédication et autoadministration. La recherche a été complétée par l’analyse des références des articles sélectionnés de même que par la consultation de références tertiaires. Analyse des données : Le risque d’événements indésirables associés aux médicaments étant élevé dans la population gériatrique, il est nécessaire de faire une évaluation de la pharmacothérapie de toute personne âgée qui reçoit de nombreux médicaments et dont l’état de santé s’est modifié ou dont l’autonomie fonctionnelle s’est détériorée depuis peu. Cet article présente un processus d’évaluation de la pharmacothérapie qui inclut des notions gériatriques, tels les risques inhérents à la polymédication, les effets physiopathologiques liés au vieillissement qui modulent les paramètres pharmacologiques des médicaments, les cascades médicamenteuses et les barrières cognitives et fonctionnelles à l’adhésion au traitement. Conclusion : Un processus d’évaluation fondé sur des principes gériatriques peut guider le pharmacien qui veut entreprendre l’évaluation de la pharmacothérapie d’un patient âgé.